Achievement at whose expense? A literature review of test-based grade retention policies in U.S. school

Authors

  • Andrew Prescott Huddleston Abilene Christian University

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.14507/epaa.v22n18.2014

Keywords:

grade repetition, high-stakes testing, literacy, social promotion, test-based grade retention

Abstract

The author uses Maxwell’s method of literature reviews for educational research to focus on literature relevant to test-based grade retention policies to make the following argument: although some studies have documented average gains in academic achievement through test-based grade retention, there is increasing evidence that these gains have occurred by limiting the educational opportunities for the most vulnerable of students. The author begins by briefly synthesizing research on high-stakes testing policies and teacher-based retention in general and then examines studies that have evaluated specific test-based retention policies in Chicago, Florida, New York City, Georgia, Texas, Wisconsin, and Louisiana. Drawing on Bourdieu and Passeron’s concept of reproduction in education, the author shows how testing policies have contributed to class selection and exclusion in U.S. schools. Short-term gains produced by test-based retention policies fade over time with students again falling behind but with a larger likelihood of dropping out of school. These unintended consequences are most prevalent among ethnic minority and impoverished students. The author concludes by providing alternatives for ending social promotion that do not include grade retention as well as suggestions for further researching the role such policies play in perpetuating class inequities.

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Author Biography

Andrew Prescott Huddleston, Abilene Christian University

Andrew P. Huddleston is an assistant professor of Teacher Education at Abilene Christian University. He received his Ph.D. in Language and Literacy Education from The University of Georgia in 2012. His research interests focus on high-stakes testing policies in reading.

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Published

2014-04-04

How to Cite

Huddleston, A. P. (2014). Achievement at whose expense? A literature review of test-based grade retention policies in U.S. school. Education Policy Analysis Archives, 22, 18. https://doi.org/10.14507/epaa.v22n18.2014

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Articles